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INTAKE AND OUTGO: RESPIRATION
The air which we breathe, the real, naturally clean air which lies upon the earth like a great atmospheric ocean and is not polluted to any extent except in the few small areas where men congregate in large numbers, consists of about 21 per cent oxygen and 78 per cent nitrogen. This latter is inert as far as we are concerned in breathing it. We cannot use it. (Its large amount is a striking commentary on man’s belief that the earth was created especially for him.) Nitrogen has to be taken up by plants, where a series of chemical combinations occur before animals, including man, can use it in building up the protoplasm of the body.
The necessity and method of breathing must have been noticed very early in the history of man and yet its real significance and the nature and importance of oxygen to man were a mystery until the eighteenth century. Then Joseph Priestley, the Unitarian minister with great scientific curiosity, and practical ways of applying it, isolated oxygen. He did not know, though, what it was; but soon after him came one of the great chemists of all time, the Frenchman, Lavoisier. This man showed what the gas really was and named it oxygen. The contemporaries of these men showed their appreciation by burning Priestley’s house, and cutting off Lavoisier’s head on the guillotine. The latter’s widow married Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, one of the greatest of scientists, born in Woburn, Massachusetts. Science and its devotees have ignored international boundaries, as shown by these men – English, French, and American.
Most people think the object of breathing is to furnish oxygen to the body. Actually, it is fully as important to get rid of the carbon dioxide, carbonic acid gas, which results when waste tissues are burnt by the oxygen. That this carbon dioxide is a poison is shown when fishes are put into “soda water.” They die even if there is plenty of oxygen in the water.
We see once again the cleverness of the body. It has to dispose of this poison, but it uses it first. The chief stimulant to respiration is carbon dioxide. Force a man to breathe hard and fast till the carbon dioxide of the body is exhausted and he may take no breath for a minute or two after. Such an experiment carried to an extreme may be startling.
Respiration starts when the child is born. Naturally he cannot breathe when he is entirely submerged in the uterine fluid. The chest is unexpanded and the lungs, which completely fill it, are empty of air. At the first gasp or cry, the muscles of the chest wall expand it, and the diaphragm, the great dome-shaped muscle between the chest and abdomen, pulls down. As there is no pressure inside the chest cavity, the outside air rushes in through the windpipe and fills millions of minute spaces in the lungs. At least it partially fills them, and within a few days practically completes the job. Throughout life the lungs are normally not completely filled or emptied with each respiration. That is one good reason for occasional deep breathing such as active exercise brings on. It tends to open up the farthest portions of the lungs.
The part of the air which the human body must have in ever continuing, prompt supply is the 21 per cent that is oxygen. Through the ages, however, our apparatus and our physiology have been adapted to handle oxygen only in this big dilution. You must remember that the action of this gas is that of combustion, burning. Therefore, strong oxygen is irritating to the tissues; our lungs will not stand it for long and after it is absorbed by the blood there is evidence that it may make trouble. So, we start our breathing with a mixture or dilution of gases and all the way down to the finest divisions of the lungs there is a continual stirring and mixing. From the nose down through the throat, windpipe and its main subdivisions there is a large space, holding air, and even heavy breathing does not remove all this. Hence each breath mixes with air that has already been partly used. Neither are the lungs ever squeezed completely free of air. Finally, some of the remoter parts of the lungs usually remain collapsed and empty. Hence it has been estimated that the usual breathing takes in only one eighth of what can be inhaled and exhaled with deep breathing.
At first thought, this might seem a wasteful use of the energy necessary to pump fresh supplies of oxygen to us and an inefficient method of utilizing it. But it evidently has its advantages or necessity would have evolved a better method in a few million years.
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